Design and Implementation of a Digital PWM Based DC-DC Voltage Regulation System for Electric Vehicle
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15662/IJEETR.2026.0802086Keywords:
DC-DC Converter, Buck Converter, PWM control, Electric Vehicles, Voltage Regulation, Closed-loop controlAbstract
Electric Vehicles (EVs) require stable auxiliary power supplies to operate electronic subsystems such as controllers, sensors, communication modules, and display units. However, fluctuations in the EV battery voltage due to load variations may affect the reliable operation of these sensitive electronic components. To overcome this issue, a digitally controlled DC–DC voltage regulation system is proposed. In this project, a PWM-based closed-loop buck converter is implemented using an Arduino UNO. The system is designed to operate with an EV battery as the primary DC input source. A discrete buck converter consisting of a MOSFET, inductor, diode, and capacitor is used as the power stage to step down and regulate the voltage. The output voltage is sensed through a voltage divider circuit and fed to the Arduino ADC for feedback control. The system can generate selectable output voltages such as 3.3V, 5V, and 12V, which are commonly used in EV electronic subsystems. For demonstration, components such as LED indicators and a buzzer are connected as loads representing devices operating at these voltage levels. The output voltage can also be modified through software programming, making the system flexible and user configurable for different voltage requirements. Based on the selected reference voltage, the Arduino adjusts the PWM duty cycle to maintain the required output. The regulated voltage is displayed on an LCD for real-time monitoring. The proposed system demonstrates a flexible, user-efficient, and digitally controlled auxiliary voltage regulation system for EV applications.
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